Free Essays on POT

For a long time, the United States government has precluded medications, for example, maryjane from deal in the commercial center. However, with preclusion, weed use has diminished just insignificantly. In view of denial, the media has exposed just the terrible parts of weed use. What numerous individuals don't understand are the numerous positive parts of pot legitimization, including new clinical fixes, cleaner and increasingly effective industry, and decreased cannabis use. Weed, as a great many people ordinarily know it, is actually a plant called hemp, or 'cannabis sativa'. There are different plants called hemp, however cannabis hemp is the most helpful of these plants. 'Hemp' is any solid plant utilized since ancient times for some reasons. Cannabis is the most sturdy of the hemp plants, and it delivers the hardest material, named 'peddle'. The cannabis plant additionally creates three other significant items that different plants don't (in usable structure): seed, mash, and m edication. To comprehend why hemp is illicit, it is essential that we investigate the law disallowing hemp today. The law that restricts hemp is known as the Thorough Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-513) updated the country's medication guideline mechanical assembly. Title II of the law, known as the Controlled Substances Act, built up models for figuring out which medications ought to be controlled, systems for lessening the accessibility of controlled medications, and a structure of punishments for illicit dispersion and ownership of controlled medications. Cannabis, hashish, and THC are recorded in Schedule I, the most prohibitive grouping. We additionally need to comprehend the reasons why cannabis, the medication, got unlawful. Actually, it assists with returning to the start of the century and discussion around two different medications, opium (the granddad of heroin) and cocaine. Opium, an addictive medication (however generally innocuous by the present measures) was once broadly utilized b... Free Essays on POT Free Essays on POT For a long time, the United States government has disallowed medications, for example, cannabis from deal in the commercial center. However, with denial, maryjane use has diminished just insignificantly. In view of disallowance, the media has promoted just the terrible parts of weed use. What numerous individuals don't understand are the numerous positive parts of cannabis authorization, including new clinical fixes, cleaner and increasingly proficient industry, and diminished maryjane use. Pot, as a great many people usually know it, is actually a plant called hemp, or 'cannabis sativa'. There are different plants called hemp, however cannabis hemp is the most valuable of these plants. 'Hemp' is any sturdy plant utilized since ancient times for some reasons. Cannabis is the most strong of the hemp plants, and it creates the hardest material, named 'peddle'. The cannabis plant additionally creates three other significant items that different plants don't (in usable structure): seed, mash, and medication. To comprehend why hemp is unlawful, it is vital that we investigate the law disallowing hemp today. The law that precludes hemp is known as the Extensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-513) upgraded the country's medication guideline mechanical assembly. Title II of the law, known as the Controlled Substances Act, set up measures for figuring out which medications ought to be controlled, components for diminishing the accessibility of controlled medications, and a structure of punishments for unlawful circulation and ownership of controlled medications. Maryjane, hashish, and THC are recorded in Schedule I, the most prohibitive order. We additionally need to comprehend the reasons why cannabis, the medication, got illicit. Truth be told, it assists with returning to the start of the century and discussion around two different medications, opium (the granddad of heroin) and cocaine. Opium, an addictive medication (yet generally innocuous by the present gauges) was once broadly utilized b...

Cadbury The Worlds Second Largest Confectionery Company Marketing Essay

Cadbury The Worlds Second Largest Confectionery Company Marketing Essay Cadbury, which is the universes second biggest candy parlor organization, the second biggest biting gum organization, the third biggest soda pops organization, is likewise the main organization that has a chocolate, candy and gum items, is a main a huge, developing, brand-drove industry. It has an incredible pieces of the pie and has numerous genuine buyers, however it has likewise a various of contenders, for example, Altria Group, Nestle, Hershey, Ferrero, Unilever, etc. Cadbury Company produces advertises and disperses ice cream parlor (chocolate, sugar, desserts, biting gum, and so forth.) and drink items. To the contenders, Philippe Morris that is the universes biggest bundled food organizations. Settle is the universes biggest food producer, and Nestle is celebrated for creating moment espresso and chocolate bars. As of now has for the nearby market and culture-rich items, for example, Chocolate and candy, filtered water, refreshments and dried milk. Hershey is the biggest choc olate and candy maker in the North America. Ferrero Group is the universes fourth biggest chocolate maker. Unilever Group is the universes second-biggest purchaser items producer. Unilever works the accompanying two significant item zones: food and family and individual consideration items. Thus, other than Cadbury, Philippe Morris, Nestle, Hershey, Ferrero additionally produce sweets and chocolate and a few organizations scale is bigger than Cadbury. That it is an incredible threaten to Cadbury and they are the immediate contenders to Cadbury also. And all worldwide treats and chocolate venture assume an incredible job in the market fight in battle for business sectors. Contending highlights and upper hands Ventures taking an interest in advertise rivalry is established by excellence of capital and its serious qualities of the undertaking (Piccolo, 2008). Organizations must make a distinction between rivals so as to make due in an invulnerable situation in the market of savage rivalry (Regan, 2008). In any case, any of the qualities or conditions isn't until the end of time. In this way, we should keep on creating imaginative serious highlights. In todays society, rivalry has following significant attributes: First, the extension of the extent of rivalry, primarily including: 1) the enhancement of the fundamental rivalry. With the financial globalization, it will additionally advance the social division of work, prompting the enhancement example of rivalry. 2) The globalization of nearby rivalry. Monetary joining and exchange advancement has decreased the nation or territorial constraints of globalization towards the heading of advancing rivalry. 3) Competition content assorted variety. Present day rivalry not just remain in the opposition for the market and clients, and further stretched out to innovation, data, work force and even vital accomplices, for example, staggered rivalry. Second, changes in rivalry mode, fundamentally: 1) the point of contending has transformed from the piece of the overall industry to vie for client unwaveringness. With expanded rivalry force, piece of the overall industry is hard to continue client dedication as rivalry objectives; 2) the center highlights of rivalry shifts from rivalry to process rivalry, some portion of the improvement of rivalry into the framework from the opposition; 3) the method of contending changes from seriously cost non-value rivalry. The conventional method of value rivalry is hard to adjust to these changes. Data innovation diminishes client search and exchange costs, marked down administrations, financial globalization, national contrasts in the costs of the adequacy of value rivalry; 4) the relationship is turning out to be coordinating and battles against one another. Just by building up vital coalitions with contenders to shape both the collaboration among rivalry and participation, seek after win-wi n serious impacts, can just better address client issues, viable reaction to the serious condition, serious destinations of ventures. Third the advancement of rivalry implies. 1) Conversion from noticeable to undetectable. With the innovation and offices improving, the seriousness of ventures movements to the utilization of current data innovation, mix, utilitarian redesign, heading to improve productivity of activity with data innovation. 2) Competition moved from a solitary rivalry to compound rivalry. The worldwide coordinations advertise, rivalry, the one of a kind method of rivalry implies is troublesome both to get and keep up upper hand and satisfy client needs for assorted variety in complex, demonstrating an assortment of deals advancement and use, administrations, cost and advancement blend of the compound assortment of rivalry implies rivalry situation;3) Reliance from on the inside solidarity to both the inward qualities and outer assets. Be that as it may, in the face a wide range of exchange obstructions and market get to limitations, organizations essentially is hard to contend successfully with idea ls of its own assets, just an incorporated utilization of monetary, mental, political and advertising among different elements, with the administration, affiliations, the media and general society, and so on the development of inner qualities and outside powers cooperate to beat the market and savage rivalry to win. Under the new time of serious attributes, Cadbury additionally has its own serious highlights that is incredible mix, and alongside Kraft to make a market. Kraft and Cadbury consolidating has become the universes biggest ice cream parlor organization. Through the merger, it mirrors the correlative points of interest them two. To start with, Cadbury could assist Kraft with compensating for impeded in chocolate and biting gum items; Second, in some Kraft, there has not yet arrived at the developing markets, Cadbury has set up a moderately solid circulation framework. Kraft propelled Cadbury now picking the planning of the securing can likewise be said about right. From the viewpoint of the improvement to Cadbury, its current working conditions generally excellent, yet constrained by organization size, advancement bottlenecks experienced. So by combining, Cadbury will have a more promising time to come. Another sort of item and its objective market In the wake of joining with KFT, another sort of item will be abused, this is pecan candy. To start with, the primary crude material of pecan is nut, which is a nut organic product. It has numerous impacts. For instance, Walnut nutritious are plentiful in protein, fat, minerals and nutrients, fat containing flooring corrosive and increasingly healthy benefit, just as nutrients B and E, which could forestall cell maturing, improve memory and discharge maturing. Pecans additionally contain uncommon nutrient fixings, not exclusively didn't build cholesterol, yet in addition diminish the intestinal assimilation of cholesterol for atherosclerosis, hypertension and coronary illness human utilization. Pecans contain linolenic corrosive and calcium, phosphorus, iron, the bodys skin excellence perfect specialist, normal utilization of a benefit the skin, hair Ukraine, and have rashly white hair, and misfortune anticipation capacities. Pecans additionally contain many follow components require d by the body, which are significant restrictive frill. At the point when you feel tired, bite more pecan, easily weakness and stress. Along these lines, if through an exceptional procedure, nuts can be made the pecan sugar, that it not exclusively can assume the job of human services items, yet additionally a wide market. This is the pecan candy birth. Since pecan candy is another item to many individuals, so as to more readily advance their items, to discover more noteworthy and progressively broad market, decide the objective market is especially significant. Target showcase is the major beginning stage of territorial advertising. Investigation and handle the territorial advertising framework, subsystem from its objective market started to take showcasing or target promoting situating of reasoning. Deciding the objective market must be searching for both interest in the market and steady with its assets and preferences of the objective market fragments. Clients need is to have the option to react to client prerequisites, and meet the clients wants and needs, and can see more remote than the clients, to discover and meet with clients and the solicitation, so the key is to address the issues of the client superior to contenders; incorporated showcasing is that the organization should serve clients in all areas premiums, all segment s must be facilitated takeoff from the Customer Perspective; income ability alludes to endeavors rely upon more than contenders to all the more likely address client issue to make a benefit. The main guideline of choosing objective market is that the market should request, if there is no genuine market request or potential interest, it can not be chosen as the objective market. Not for the organization to choose what conditions should it do, yet as indicated by the social needs of the market to choose what to do. Second significant guideline of choosing the objective market is that: to utilize their own current assets, keep away from shortcomings, searching for their qualities target advertise. Numerous ventures concentrates just on showcase request, paying little heed to their condition enhancement, it is perilous. Third standard of choosing objective market is to focus on discover the edge of target markets. When all is said in done, each organization has its own ownership of the innovation, assets and working conditions and it assume an alternate job in showcasing framework. So the venture should treat showcase open door as a key factor in the promoting choice. Be that as it may, to the outer venture, it is hard to track down such possibilities. Indeed, even as wild rivalry among peers, with the goal that advertise openings in specific parts lost or reduced open doors for effectiveness, we can not indiscriminately go outside the business to discover the objective market. Along these lines, the limit between the business and exchange office, there will be a vacuum, generally called the edge of market openings. Edge of market openings from one viewpoint some compa

The strength of group work

The strength of group work Once a US president  went out to see the situation of the city. Somewhere a group of soldiers was trying to lift a large branch of a tree from their way.The Corporal was standing by their side instructing them to work harder, but they were unable to move it.A stranger was riding on his horse and he observed what was going on. He said to the Corporal if you help them they will be able to move it. Why dont you help them? The Corporal replied That is not my job, I am the Corporal. It is their work, they should do it.The stranger did not hesitate a moment, immediately he dismounted from his horse, and helped the group of the soldiers to move that log.This additional strength helped them to move the log. After moving it, the stranger mounted his horse and said to the Corporal Next time you need to move some heavy thing and you need a help, call for the Commander-in Chief and went away his way.It was then that the men realized that the stranger was none other than George Washington t he first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the army.Author Unknown Story submitted by Cindy

The Role Of Achievement Motivation - 1732 Words

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 5.1 SUMMARY Over the years there has been hue and cry on industrial development in Nigeria. But the focus was mainly on the governments’ contribution and its activities like intervention policies and program to realize this goal. Furthermore, huge budgetary allocation designated, and plunged into the sector notwithstanding, only modest success, if any had been recorded. Consequent upon this, this research topic was thought out, to depart slightly and investigate into some of the impediments, and X-ray the human variables in realizing this objective. Hence, â€Å"The role of achievement motivation in industrial development in Nigeria†. Volumes of literatures were reviewed, and data was collected and analyzed. The research work was aimed at finding out the extent to which the need for achievement motivation, the intrinsic and autocentric self-directed enthusiasm from childhood could be instrumental to industrial growth and development. The approach therefore, takes departure from the extrinsic factors responsible for an individual motivation. Hence the research concentrates on the manufacturing sector. Questionnaires were administered to managers, supervisors, departmental heads-occupying highly sensitive position at the apex and junior staff. Through the investigation and analyses of the data, it was revealed that here is a significant relationship between lack of industrious labour force andShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Achievement Motivation On Industrial Development : A Study Of Port Harcourt Municipal Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesFULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RN TO MSN PROGRAMME OCTOBER 7TH 2016 THE ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF PORT HARCOURT MUNICIPAL) ABSTRACT This study focused on â€Å"The Role of Achievement Motivation in Industrial development: A study of Port Harcourt Municipal. The onus of the research was to X-ray the extent to which the role of achievement motivation from childhood could be instrumental to industrial development in Nigerian. In additionRead MoreChildren s Academic Achievement, And The Mediation Role Of Self Regulated Learning850 Words   |  4 Pageslinking children s academic achievement, and the mediation role of self-regulated learning. 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This theory will be examined and discussed inRead MoreMotivation Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesMotivational Needs and Processes What is motivation? ‘Motivation’ is derived from the Latin term ‘movere’ that means ‘to move’. Thus, motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive (Luthans). Broadly speaking, motivation is willingness to exert high levels of efforts towards organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts’ ability to satisfy some individual needs (Robbins)

Mothers Day Celebrations Around the World

Although the idea of honoring mothers on a special day was known as far back as ancient Greece, today Mothers Day is celebrated in many countries, in many different ways, and on different dates. Where Did Mothers Day Originate? The credit for the American Mothers Day observance goes to three women. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910), who also wrote the lyrics for The Battle Hymn of the Republic, proposed a Mothers Day observance dedicated to peace in the years following the Civil War. Such annual observances were held in Boston in the late 1800s. In 1907 Anna Marie Jarvis (1864-1948), a Philadelphia teacher originally from Grafton, West Virginia, began her own efforts to establish a national Mothers Day. She also wished to honor her own mother, Anna Reeves Jarvis (1832-1905), who had first promoted the Mothers Work Days in 1858 as a way to improve the sanitary conditions in her town. She later worked to relieve suffering during and after the Civil War. With the support of churches, business people, and politicians, Mothers Day came to be observed on the second Sunday in May in most U.S. states within several years of Ann Jarvis campaign. The national Mothers Day holiday became official on May 8, 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution, but it was more of a patriotic day on which flags were flown in honor of mom. Ironically, Anna Jarvis, who later tried in vain to combat the increasing commercialization of the holiday, never became a mother herself. Mothers Day in Europe Englands Mothers Day observance goes back to the 13th century when Mothering Sunday was observed on the fourth Sunday of Lent (because it was originally for Mary, mother of Christ). Later, in the 17th century, servants were given a free day on Mothering Sunday to return home and visit their mothers, often bringing along a sweet treat known as the mothering cake that was to be kept until Easter. In the UK, Mothering Sunday is still observed during Lent, in March or early April. In Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Muttertag is observed on the second Sunday in May, just as in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and many other countries. During the First World War, Switzerland was one the first European countries to introduce Mothers Day (in 1917). Germanys first Muttertag observance took place in 1922, Austrias in 1926 (or 1924, depending on the source). Muttertag was first declared an official German holiday in 1933 (the second Sunday in May) and took on a special significance as part of the Nazi motherhood cult under the Hitler regime. There was even a medal—das Mutterkreuz—in bronze, silver, and gold (eight or more Kinder!), awarded to mothers who produced children for the Vaterland. (The medal had the popular nickname of Karnickelorden, the Order of the Rabbit.) After World War II the German holiday became a more unofficial one that took on the cards-and-flowers elements of the U.S. Mothers Day. In Germany, if Mothers Day happens to fall on Pfingstsonntag (Pentecost), the holiday is moved to the first Sunday in May. Mothers Day in Latin America International Mothers Day is observed on May 11. In Mexico and much of Latin America Mothers Day is on May 10. In France and Sweden Mothers Day falls on the last Sunday in May. Spring in Argentina comes in October, which may explain why their Mothers Day observance is on the second Sunday in October rather than May. In Spain and Portugal Mothers Day is Dec. 8 and is more of a religious holiday than most Mothers Day celebrations around the world, although the English Mothering Sunday actually began under Henry III in the 1200s as a celebration of the Mother Church. German poet and philosopher, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Von Vater hab ich die Statur, des Lebens ernstes FÃ ¼hren, von MÃ ¼tterchen die Frohnatur und Lust zu fabulieren.

Kant VS Mill Free Essays

Immanuel Kant was born in April 1724 to a craftsman named Johann George Kant and Anna Regina Porter (Bennagen, 2000). He was trained more in Latin and Religion subjects as compared with science and mathematics consequently forming his concepts and ideas with regards to moral philosophy technically referred to as ‘deontology’ which actually reiterates that an act should only be carried out based on the an individuals’ responsibilities (Bennagen, 2000). John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill was born in May 1906 to Harriet Barrow and a well known philosopher, James Mill (Bennagen, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Kant VS Mill or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being exposed to Greek when he was only three years old, Latin when he was eight, he was extremely brilliant, so intelligent that he acquired Greek Literature, Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Psychology and law before he turned eighteen years old (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, he is accountable for systematically putting together the utilitarian thoughts/concepts/ideas of his father and his father’s friend Jeremy Bentham (Bennagen, 2000). This is where Jeremy Bentham argues and reiterates that actions are correct only if they are inclined to bring into being the utmost happiness for the greatest number of people (Bennagen, 2000). This is simply because advocates of utilitarianism believe that happiness is the main criteria for doing something right or wrong, meaning if something is done and pleasure resulted from it then it is right, however, if pain was brought about from it then surely, it is wrong (Bennagen, 2000). Major Similarities in their Ethical System Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill’ ethical systems have similarities and these are the following: In act utilitarianism, laws are not taken into consideration as long as the act is said to have brought about happiness to most individuals then it is right (Bennagen, 2000). The same is true with deontology wherein duty is the basis for a right act which means that even if it means breaking the law just as long as the responsibility is fulfilled then the act is definitely right (Bennagen, 2000). Â  In addition, both cannot always be utilized as a guide to morals (Bennagen, 2000). There are several cases where a decision made based on utilitarianism or deontology fails (Bennagen, 2000). Major Differences in their Ethical System There are differences between the ethical systems of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill and some of these are the following: In terms of goal, Immanuel Kant’s deontological theory’s goal is to fulfill a certain duty, whereas, John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism’s goal is to achieve happiness (Bennagen, 2000). This is clearly evident in the definition of the deontological theory which says that individuals ought to stick to their responsibilities in evaluating a moral quandary (Bennagen, 2000). Same is true with the technical definition of utilitarianism where it states that, in an assessment of an ethical issue, the alternative that will result in the greatest happiness to the most number of people is the option that is ethically right (Bennagen, 2000). Also, rule utilitarianism considers the law and fairness in finally making an act which is said to be right (Bennagen, 2000). Here, an individual who is about to make an act seriously thinks about making the most number of individuals experience pleasure through fair and just means (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, it gives importance to justice, as well as, beneficence (Bennagen, 2000). By justice here, we mean, that everyone involved in the situation are treated fairly, on the other hand, by beneficence, we mean, doing what is good, in opposition to what is evil (Bennagen, 2000). The aforementioned defies deontology in such a way that it does not involve justice and beneficence in it, rather it only focuses on fulfilling the ‘duty’, whether or not it is fair or just to everybody involved (Bennagen, 2000). Major Criticisms for Kant’s Theory There are also criticisms for Kant’s Theory and some of these are the following: First of all, since deontology is all about sticking to responsibilities, its rationale or logic is being questioned for it (Bennagen, 2000). For instance, how will individual duties would be defined (Bennagen, 2000)? If for example, if personally I consider my family as my first priority every time and it so happened that I am being called by my supervisor for an urgent or emergency meeting, would it be considered not doing my duty if I go to this emergency meeting that my supervisor has ordered (Bennagen, 2000). Another example is the fact that, citizens have to maintain a certain driving speed, however, an individual is running late for a qualifying exam in medicine, which is a make or break exam for him, would it be considered as not doing his duty if he went a little speedy just to make it to his exam, which is a personal duty for him in the first place. Very clearly, through the aforementioned examples, there are no limits or boundaries to this so called duty making it critical , even questionable, as an ethical theory (Bennagen, 2000). Secondly, obviously it is not extremely useful or helpful in making decisions since it is not applicable in all situations, as seen in the examples above (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least, it is also being criticized because of its self-centeredness simply because it does not really consider the well-being of others (Bennagen, 2000). Going back to the aforementioned examples, it shows that deontology tends to take a certain side wherein the other side not chosen is left unprotected in terms of its welfare (Bennagen, 2000). Major Criticisms for Mills’ Theory The criticisms for utilitarianism include the following: First of all, in making a decision using the utilitarianism, it does not always achieve its goal of the experience of the utmost number of people of the greatest pleasure (Bennagen, 2000). If the head of the family decide to unleash his dog in his yard at night to make sure that no one will jump over his fence and to make sure untoward incidences in his home are avoided which may consequently hurt his family, but unfortunately the dog got out of his yard and went over the neighbor’s yard and destroyed the flowers in the garden (Bennagen, 2000)? This means that instead of his family being happy being they were well guarded, other people were terribly disappointed, disturbed, and definitely did not experience happiness as should be the outcome of utilizing utilitarianism as a technique in making ethical decisions (Bennagen, 2000). Secondly, many people criticize utilitarianism for its inadequacy of common sense (Bennagen, 2000). For example, would you give up the one you really love just because your best friend loves him too and for the reason that your family does not like him for you (Bennagen, 2000)? Your best friend will turn out happy and so will your family which complies with the technical definition of utilitarianism involving utmost happiness experienced by the greatest number of individuals (Bennagen, 2000). The questions however are ‘what about you’, ‘where is the common sense in that’, and ‘is selflessness common sense’ (Bennagen, 2000)? Thirdly, happiness is undefined here in utilitarianism (Bennagen, 2000). For example, a customer service representative at a certain company has been reported to be sleeping on the job (Bennagen, 2000). Utilizing utilitarianism, the act has been carried out: 1) to correct the mistake of the customer service representative; 2) to serve better more consumers; and 3) to improve the company’s services and be appreciated by more clients (Bennagen, 2000). This may result in happiness for the consumers and the management; however typically, this will not bring in pleasure to the customer service representative being complained about (Bennagen, 2006). This only proves that an act may not always bring in happiness through the use of utilitarianism in carrying out an act (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least, utilitarianism is being questioned because it violates human rights (Bennagen, 2000). For example, if a Bill is submitted by a minority group leader to be passed as a Law, and will not qualify as a Law simply because majority did not vote for it, then this may jeopardize the rights and happiness of the so called minority groups (Bennagen, 2000). This then may also be justified as an act which is right since happiness is being experienced by the most number of individuals though several people are suffering as well (Bennagen, 2000). Reference Bennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU How to cite Kant VS Mill, Essay examples

International Business And Competitive Strategy of Coca-Cola assignmen

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business and Competitive Strategy for Coca-Cola. Answer: Introduction to Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Companys background can be traced back to the year 1986. World over, Coca-Cola leads in the production, marketing and distribution of non-alcoholic beverages and their associated raw materials such as syrups and concentrate. The coca cola company operates in more than 200 countries globally. The head office of the company is based in Atlanta, Georgia, and its subsidiaries are a source of employment to about 30,000 people globally. The Coca-Cola products are available in every country of the world, and the drinks are the most preferred world over (Vaid, 2015). Coca-Cola faces competition from other beverage companies such as Cadbury- Schweppes, and PepsiCo. However, Coca-Cola claims the biggest market share with 47% of the world market followed by PepsiCo at 21% and Cadbury Schweppes at 8%. Competitive Strategy Achieving competitive ability is the aim of many organizations. Mauri and Figueiredo (2012) defines competitive advantage as the service or a product for which the consumers trust better compared to similar offers from competitor organizations. Michaels Porters Five Forces model indicates that a competitive analysis is achieved through the analysis of various competitors in a given industry. Also the analysis of threats associated with emerging business in the industry and risks associated with the introduction of substitute products that are likely to attract the suppliers and customers. For any business to succeed, certain strategies are necessary to help the business encounter the five competitive forces. Organizations embrace the five basic competitive strategies including growth, innovation, alliance cost leadership and differentiation. Also, an information system is key amongst these five strategies (Magretta, 2012). The international markets play a vital role in organizations profitability. The link between the market forces to the companys strategies influences organizational performances in all regions covered. The main variables in the business include the target market, competition, market position, and the consumers (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). For an organization to succeed in its operations, both its tactics and strategy need to work in harmony with the aim of providing optimum returns at high efficiency. The strategies and tactics need to be designed based on a careful consideration of the environment. Businesses that do not follow these tactics are likely to die (Meyer, Mudambi, and Narula, 2011). About the Coca-Cola's performance, the company keeps growing and making profits because of its way of doing things i.e. by focusing on the desired effect and giving the intended result. Its success is also associated with its commitment to doing the right thing through their ability to work well without wasting resources and time. The success of the Coca-Cola business can be associated with some things. The company has a good network of independent business people who drive the agenda of the Coca-Cola business in their native countries. These business people run locally operated bottling and distribution activities. In this way, consumers enjoy many experiences depending on their individual preferences and locations. In response, the coco cola company is embracing some approaches that are both tactical and strategic, to help it expand and maintain its market share. The profitability and effectiveness of the Coca-Cola business are facilitated by their big share in the product market as well as their competitive position (Jurevicius, 2016). The profitability of an organization is based on the organizational market share. This increased profitability is dependent on the scale of economy and increased learning experience that leads to efficient and effective productions techniques. Also, the unwillingness and inab ility of the customers to take risk contribute to comfort factors hence preferring to stay with the market player. The quality policy for Coca-Cola targets to maintain the status of the organization as a fully sustainable beverage company, through their involvement in environmental care and stewardship. The commitment by the management to create value for both stakeholders and the society for part of the objectives of the organization. The organization has drafted several statements regarding its practices on quality that helps in sustainability, diversity, increased wellness and health, and improved environmental conservation. The company operates both globally and nationally in the area of soft drinks and non-alcoholic beverage. The company also targets to acquire new segment of the market by providing safe and healthy products hence increasing consumer confidence in regards to purchasing behavior. There are enough quality objectives in the Coca-Cola system; again it doesnt demean the management target of positioning the organization in the world map based on the quality of the product (Jurevic ius, 2016). The Coca-Cola Company has a tactical toolkit that provides a standardized approach to its marketing strategy. External factors, external factors have an effect on an organization positioning strategy. According to Porter's model, five competitive factors govern the rule of competition. Such rules exist in any industry operating either in the international or domestic market. These five forces include new competition in the market, the bargaining power of buyers, the rivalry between organizations in the same sector, the threats associated with substitutes and product replacement and the bargaining power of suppliers (Magretta, 2012). To succeed, the organization needs to consider not only the industry structure but also to position itself within the industry. The positioning is beneficial in that it determines the competitive advantage of an organization. Such benefits include; low cost and nary market (Nair, 2011). In Coca-Cola, the company practice cost leadership as well as differentiation strategies. The differentiation strategy is achieved product quality, recognition and high brand image. Besides, the company has invested a lot in the promotion and packaging tactics. These serve as a way of differentiation with other organizations. The Coca-Cola contoured bottle, for example, is an international symbol, revitalizing the bottled as decided in 1999 was considered Coca-Cola's bottle marketing strategy. The premium pricing policy as applied in many markets has also allowed the Coca-Cola Company to thrive. To become a low-cost producer, an organization. These include removing all extras from the product and reduce frills. The design of the product such as the use of alternative raw materials can help reduce cost. Operational and production processes employed by an organization can also help the firm reduce its cost of operations (Nash, 2010). Also, the use of manufacturing systems, distribution networks, product innovation and cheap labor can also help an organization reduce cost. Cost leadership quadrant as a positioning strategy by the Coca-Cola Company is achieved both through research promotion and development, learning and their experience both in operational and manufacturing processes. The efficient manufacturing systems and distribution networks have greatly contributed to low-cost production. The Coca-Cola Company has a huge geographic presence. Based on its geographic strategy, the organization has a clear, strategic evolution (Jurevicius, 2016). Adaptation involves a continual improvement in an organization which is achieved through a change of companies local and preferences. It is that is used by most organizations. The strategy of adaptation is essential for all products in the whole world (Collis, 2015). The plans involve creating changes not only in products but also in policies, expectations for success as well as in business positioning. Adaptation strategies can also focus on geographies, products, and vertical stages within the value chain as well as market segments as a strategy to reduce the effects of regional differences. Also, focus on reducing cost has been used in adaptation theory. Through design flexibility, manufacturing costs can be reduced thus leading to reduced variations in supplies. The introduction of the optimized production platform and modularity may help cut costs (Collis, 2015). Coca-Cola Corporation applies adaptation strategies to its global operations to penetrate new markets and grow revenues. Adapting to new markets requires the company to customize services to replicate local market environments. Adaptation activities include adjustments in policies, positioning, and externalization, among others to replicate requirements in foreign countries. One of the strategies includes franchising that enables local firms to provide products and services to new customers (Lee, 2010). The franchised companies earn Coca-Cola brand a local perception and promote easy penetration in new markets. Domestic firms are also involved in the distribution of the of Coca-Cola products. Local intermediaries have a deep understanding of the customers, geographies, and population dynamics. As a result, Coco-Cola benefits from services of local supply chain players. Adaptation strategies are appropriate for the company to avoid unfavorable outcomes that are likely when a foreign f irm has little understanding of new markets. Coca-Cola seeks to generate maximum value through benefits of economies of scale. Production activities are capital intensive, and strategic location of bottling plants is desirable. Coca-Cola has established local processing plants and franchises to centralize operations and realize economies of scale. Centralized activities such as purchasing and distribution enable the company to operate in large-scale and reduce costs (Gui 2010). For example, the regional operations minimize the number of workers and equipment that ultimately lower costs. Also, centralized functions facilitate the development of advanced logistic capabilities that attains improved control and efficiency. Aggregation methods enable Coca-Cola to earn competitive advantages over rivals such as Pepsi as well as local soft-drink manufacturers. Moreover, aggregation is helpful in controlling standards and safeguard proprietary properties (Schlegelmilch 2016). Production centers follow similar procedures that help maint ain high quality necessary for offsetting competition. Coca-Cola does not employ the arbitrage strategies significantly. This failure is associated with the nature of products that are supplied from America to safeguard propriety information from leaking to the public. Following this, the company does not seek for ingredients from regions where there is cheap labor or factors of production. Although there is little use of arbitrage ideas, the company can increase outcomes from the benefits of new policies (Mauri, and de Figueiredo 2012). For instance, some of the ingredients can be produced in regions with favorable economic conditions that can ultimately increase financial gains. Another suitable area of adopting arbitrage is in the administrative functions. The company is subject to varying regulations such as taxes from different countries. Arbitrage policies would enable Coca-Cola lower requirements such as taxation and regulations. Conclusion Summing up, there are a lot of opportunities in the international market for Coca-Cola Company. With its current marketing strategies, the organization is better placed to compete with its rivals and maintain its status as the leading producer and marketer of soft drink beverages. The organization has employed the use of many strategies such as communication advertising, market segmentation, product differentiation that has increased its competitive ability. Coca-Cola also embraces the five basic competitive strategies including growth, innovation, alliance cost leadership and differentiation. The information system is also a key factor amongst these five strategies References Casadesus-Masanell, R. and Ricart, J.E., 2010. Competitiveness: business model reconfiguration for innovation and internationalization. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 8:2, pp.123-149. Center, P. (2014, October 21). Press Releases. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from The Coca-Cola Company Announces Actions To Drive Stronger Growth: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/press-releases/the-coca-cola-company-announces-actions-to-drive-stronger-growth Collis, D.J., 2015. The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences. In Emerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises (pp. 29-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czinkot MR Ronkainen IA. (2013). International Marketing. Cengage Learning. Feloni, R. (2015, June 12). Business Insider. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from 7 briliant strategies Coca-Cola used to become one of the world's recognizable brands: www.businessinsider.com/strategies-coca-cola-used-to-become-a-famous-brand-2015-6 Gui, L., 2010. Reshaping the boundaries of the firm: Global value chains and lead firm strategies. Reshaping the boundaries of the firm in an era of global interdependence. Progress in international business research, 5, pp.29-55. Jurevicius, O. (2016, March 31). Strategic Management insight. Retrieved from Coca Cola SWOT analysis 2016: www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/coca-cola-swot-analysis.html Lee, J.-B. 2010. A Multiple Case Study on the Globally Integrated Enterprise. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 11:11, pp.4296-4309. Magretta, J. (2012). Understanding Michael Porter : the essential guide to competition and strategy. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. Mauri, A.J. and de Figueiredo, J.N., 2012. Strategic patterns of internationalization and performance variability: effects of US-based MNC cross-border dispersion, integration, and outsourcing. Journal of International Management, 18:1, pp.38-51. Meyer, K.E., Mudambi, R. and Narula, R., 2011. Multinational enterprises and local contexts: The opportunities and challenges of multiple embeddedness. Journal of management studies, 48:2, pp.235-252. Nair, M. (2011).Strategic business transformation: the 7 deadly sins to overcome. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Nash, E. L. (2010).Direct marketing: strategy, planning, execution. New York, McGraw Hill. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Global Marketing Strategy: An Executive Digest. Springer. Tallman, S., 2014. Business Models and the Multinational Firm. BODDEWYN, J. Multidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 16), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.115-138. Vaid, S. (2015, may 10). Coca Cola Case Study. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from International Business Strategy Coca-Cola.: https://www.slideshare.net/vaidsanjay/international-business-stratedgy-cocacola

My Grandfather free essay sample

My Grandfather Someone that has made an impact on my life would have to be my grandpa. If it wasn’t for my grandpa I don’t think that I would know the stuff that I know today, or even gotten as far as I am today. My grandpa plays one of the biggest roles in my life today. He’s not only my grandfather, but my dad. Growing up from day one my real father was not there for me or for my mom. So as I grew up I had to do a lot of stuff on my own rather than me doing it with my dad. That put a huge effect on my life. But once I got older and when I really needed him the most he was not there. But you know what; the one that was is my grandfather. He was there to help me with whatever I needed big time whenever I came to school. We will write a custom essay sample on My Grandfather or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whenever I didn’t understand what we were doing in class sometimes he could always help me understand. Then I was starting to stay at my grandparents’ house. Where then I staying there got me even closer to him. I remember when I would be outside practicing on whatever sport I was in at the time, the one that would help me out the most would have to be grandfather. If I would do something wrong that he would see, that I was doing he would help me out by telling me what I needed to change. Because really for the most part I learned, practiced, and did everything on my own. I guess by him doing that, and I having the love that I have for sports, made me develop this love and bond that I never knew you could have with someone. Of course along the way growing up I did have my ups and downs. But either way he was still always there for me. To talk to me and tell me what was right and what was wrong. For some reason though the way he would talk to me and explain things to me was just so clear, I always understood and learned from him. For my grandfather doing all he did for me I love and thank him so much. Because if it wasn’t for him I don’t think I would have gotten to where I am today. So now that I am older and looking a life a whole lot differently. I see myself trying to be like my grandfather, which is going to college and pursue what I want to do in this world. Most importantly to be happy with what I do, so how I see my grandpa is like I don’t know what I would do without him.

Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas essays

Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas essays Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas It is my third visit to the museum of Metropolitan art, this time we are focusing on the arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas. In the meantime the instructor gives important facts, and explanations about the purpose and meaning of the objects created. One of my favorites is the Pendant Mask: Iyoba from the Benin culture and its representation of power. First of all, this pendant mask was created by the Benin culture in Nigeria. The texture and the fine materials of the pendant specify that it was worn by a king on ceremonial occasions. It is believed that this object was created by the royal ivory carvers of the king. The main material used in this mask is Ivory, Iron and Copper. Furthermore the Ivory was made out of the elephant tusk which was highly prized, and it was a symbol of wealth and purity. In addition to the value the materials had, this mask also represents the influence the mother of the oba (king) had in the Benin society. Moreover, Idia was the mother and advisor to one of the most powerful leader of Benin, Esigie who ruled in the early sixteenth century. Esigie created this pendant to honor Idia for helping to secure his claim to the throne and for the wise counsel that she provided him throughout his reign. As a result of Idia's role, the title of Queen Mother (Iyoba) was introduced to the Benin court, granting the mother of the oba (king) equal authority to that of senior town chiefs. Furthermore, the mask also gives information about the ancient Benin society. For instance, the mask displays multiple figures, each one with a different meaning for example, the mudfish that line her head and collar. The mudfish is one of the most primary symbols of Benin Kingship. This creature was associated with the qualities of aggressiveness due to its electric stings and the ability to survive in water and on land as the Oba move through both earth and t...

Reponses to article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Reponses to article - Essay Example This framework has four examines credibility of a web page from four angles. For a site to be credible it should progressively meet the four types of credibility – presumed, reputed, surface, and earned credibility. Presumed credibility: makes use of general assumptions. The credibility is simply formed because of what the site declares. For instance, a site may claim to be the official site for a given event. The site may also claim that it is using information from a reputed institution. The claims that a site makes may make a site appear credible however it is warned that more should be done to ascertain such credibility. Reputed credibility: this credibility is obtained when we are referred to it by a person we know for instance out instructors, other students or parents. The assumption here is that they used the site and found it to be quite useful and that is why they are making referrals. However, even with such a referral a site needs to be personally tested for credibility. This credibility can be used as a way of getting to the most credible sites in the shorted time possible without necessary wasting much time browsing around. Surface credibility: this is viewed as the most important credibility of the three. It is this credibility determines if a person will use a web page or not. If on looking at a site the first impression is negative then there is a likelihood that the site will be left. Surface credibility is based on quick evaluations. I will consider a number of factors in assessing the article that is the subject of this question (I will consider the site appearance, source of the article)†¦.I will simply try to apply Fogg’s credibility framework to the site and see the results The article to be assessed appeared in The Gulf Times on Thursday April 4th. The assessment is to be made in the light of a human rights watch report that has already been read. The main task is to

US and the world in the 21st century. (SOFTPOWER, IMMIGRATION, ISIS) Essay

US and the world in the 21st century. (SOFTPOWER, IMMIGRATION, ISIS) - Essay Example However, the person without receiving a proper legal clearance or certification move to other nation in order to become citizen of the nation is classified as illegal or undocumented immigrant. Advancement in communication as well as transportation has enhanced the aspect of globalization, which allows people to migrate to different places with minimal amount of barriers1. Furthermore, it has been noticed that international immigration will create both positive as well as negative impact over the origin community as well as destination community, as in one aspect immigration lead to facilitate the transfer of skills and workforce that allow enhancing the growth of the community. Thus, in this regard, immigration is reflected as the process of migration of the people from one place to another across the international or state boarder. Moreover, migration is not the resent phenomena or trend it has been the part of human history since the beginning. Rather since the creation of the reg ions, people are migrating from one continent to other, from nation to nation or internally. In the 21st century the major causes of immigration has been however been catalyst by the economic progression of a nation. The economic progression of any nation attracts immigrant from other underdeveloped countries2. In the general prospect, immigration has both positive as well as negative impact because the process significantly influences the economy at large. In this context, it has been affirmed that process of immigration is likely to influence the domestic labor market, which can affect the wage rate as well as reduce the employment rate among the domestic workers. Apparently, on the other hand, the aspect of immigration is also associated with other factors that are likely to offset the potential negative aspects of economy. In this context, it has been revealed that if the immigrants are significantly more skilled over the

Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common

Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common (Dartford Warbler). Overall Summary of management plan: Policy statement and Background Preamble: Padworth common nature reserve was previously owned by the west Berkshire county council. But in 2005 the land manamgement was acquired by the Buckinghamshire, and Oxford Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) in 2005 (Fort, 2013). The Main overall policy for this land is â€Å"to Ensure these sites continue to thrive both in terms of their significant wildlife interest and for the many local people who regularly use and enjoy them†. This was a statement given by the west Berkshire executive member for the environment Councillor Hilary Cole (Fort, 2013). Description Pathworth common is located between Aldermaston and Burghfield Common about 9 miles outside the city of reading (Jeffery, 2004). The land is currently owned by The West Berkshire County Council, as said before it is now managed but BBOWT since 2005 (Jeffery, 2004). The land is 30ha of open wet, dry and humid lowland heath with small sections of oak woodland, there is also a few large seasonal ponds and one that is permanently filled (Wallington, 2013). The Boundaries of Padworth common are to the south a privately owned field that and a sand and gravel quarry. And to the north east and the boundaries are defined by Old warren and Hatch farm. The western boundry is defined the small hamlet of Padworth Common. Management and infrastructure For the management for a lowland heath area like padworth common, there needs to be a set of objectives crucial to the infrastructure of the scheme to manage the whole area and the all the individual features in it. The first is a very generalised objective and covers as many of the features benefits in one goal this is to encourage the restoration and health of lowland heathland to retain the ecological value of Padworth heath (Westcombe, n.d.). The other three objectives are more constrained in the features that they benefit. The first is the have grazing at the site to monitor and manage the growth of the heath, This will majorly benefit the ground nesting birds like the nightjar. The second plan is to have regulations and management for the public and the nightjar population to reduce disturbance, this is primarily aimed and nightjars and nesting birds to minimise disturbance and help promote nest production (Westcombe, n.d.). Finally the 3rd management project is the control the spread and removing strands of bracken, this is to reduce competition with the local heathland plants and improve the biodiversity of the plant life in the area. The legal constraints for this area is that Lowland heathland areas all over Britain are under the protection of the wildlife and countryside act of 1981 and is notified as SSSI (Westcombe, n.d.). Compartments or zones The area of Padworth common is divided into 3 different zones; Open heathland, oak forest and seasonal/permanent ponds; Open heathland are open landscapes commonly dominated by heathers, gorse and has a few sliver birch tress spaced in the area. There are 3 different types of heath dependent on their soil moisture content wet heath occur on high water tables, dry heath is abundant in free draining soils. Heath is important for over 5000 invertebrates that are crucial to the food chain of this ecosystem (Countryside Info, n.d.). Oak woodland is a broad leaf woodland highly occupied by English oak, sessile oak or hybrids between the two. The oak woodland is highly established woodland as a resource basis for building and fuel. The oak woodland is also a representation of the climax vegetation in the southwest of Britain where Padworth common is located (North Dervon Government, n.d.). The seasonal pounds can support a vital ecosystem for many specialised pond species. This coupled with that a large number of rare species has been linked with the seasonal pond which makes these one of the highest management aims of Padworth common (The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d.). Enviromental information The physical aspects of the heath are that it is a mosaic of wet damp and dry habitats. The type of habitat is found on poor acidic soils in wet mild climates below 300m of altitude. Th biological features of this site are the many species that the heathland can accomidate from the greyling butterfly to the rare great crested newt (English Nature, 2002). This is due to the many niches available for the animals to occupy; the seasonal pounds are a rich source of nuitrients and support many rare species. The open heath which is occupied by many ground nesting birds such as the nightjar. The gorse bushes are used by the Dartford warbler to build nest and protect themselves from predation (English Nature, 2002). Culturally lowland heath has been an important part to human agriculture for thousands of years. The Mesolithic played a great part in the expansion of the lowland heath habitat by cutting down great swathes of the woodland landscape for building material and fuels. This mass cut ting of woodland had impoverished the soil but this has and a positive effect on heather ground and promotes the growth of lowland heathland (English Nature, 2002). Up until the 20th century heathland has been used in a wide range of agricultural processes such as fodder and fuel (English Nature, 2002). Vision Description of site The Padworth common nature reserve is split into two half’s divied by Bowughugrst Road. The heathland is located in the centre of each area while the Oakland is defines the boundaries of the nature reserve. The pounds are locates towards the south west corner of the southern half of the reserve. Conformation and evaluation of features Pathworth has many features and species that make this a site of National importance. Species such as the nightjar, the Dartford warbler and the Grayling butterflies (Wallington, 2013). Each of these will have a certain factors that can affect the species success and survival such as; the road that passes through the reserve, the seasonal ponds, and the growth of bracken. This plan focuses on the Dartford warbler and the key features that effect these are gorse coverage and heathland health (RSPB, 2014). The management of this species is desperately needed due to the harsh winters that have been occurring recently and that there are only1-2 breeding pairs in pad worth (Defra, n.d.). for this species to thrive and stabilise and even increase in population size drastic action is needed to preserve this native bird species. The Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata) Factors Effecting the Dartford warbler There at many factors that affects the breeding success and survival rates of the Dartford warbler. The main 2 factors are the amount of gorse in an area, disturbance and Availability of food. Gorse has a huge effect on the Dartford warbler; this is due to the warbler uses the gorse as nesting material. This is because the benefits it has as protection from predators by being a heavy dense shrub and makes its hard from predators to access (RSPB, 2012). Disturbance has been shown in recent study to majorly effect warbler fecundity. A study has shown that if 13-16 people walk through a heathland area within an hour this can seriously disrupt the breeding patterns of birds and will prevent multiple broods of warblers (Murison, et al., 2007). Objectives for the feature: The objectives laid out for this management plan are in priority order; The main objective for this animal is to maintain the already stable population in the management site of Padworth common. If at all possible our secondary objective is to even increase the number of breeding pairs in Padworth common from 2 breeding pairs to 4. The thirds and least priority objective is that if we can get successful breeding pairs to Padworth we could then export the juveniles into other areas to increase the number of breeding pairs in other heathland habitats. Current condition of feature: The current condition of the Dartford warbler in Europe is that there are 2,025,546-3,635,791 breeding pairs. 75% of the breeding pairs are thought to be breeding in spain. The population is general stable in Europe (Defra, n.d.). There are certain areas of Spain where the Dartford warbler has been seen in a sustained decline since the 1970’s. Fluctuations are not uncommon in this bird (Defra, n.d.). The current condition of the bird internationally is near threatened according to the IUCN red list. (IUCN, 2012) Nationally this bird has been awarded an amber status under the RSPB classification system (RSPB, 2014). The main population of the warbler are in the south and south west of Britain, with a small population in the south east of Britain (RSPB, 2014). The last estimated minimum of breeding pairs in the UK is 1,600-1,890 (Defra, n.d.). Monitoring projects: To monitor the bird populations there are two ways in which this can be done; The first is to let the public and volunteers are able to monitor the birds this can be accomplished through education and a growing interest in the local bird populations. The main disadvantage to this method is that this may increase disturbance of the birds. Key sites can be pinpointed which can be monitored by the park wardens and wildlife trust employee’s this will reduce the amount of disturbance to the breeding birds and still achieve rewarding results. The only flaw with this method is if the bird numbers become higher it may be hard to identify all the birds. Management projects: These are the four management project that will be used to help increase and stabilise the population of the Dartford warbler. Introducing grazing, this is active grazing of livestock on the heathland areas to stop the overgrowth of a particular plant species. Coppicing, this is the cutting of the old parts of gorse to promote new regrowth promoting healthier and denser shrubs. Tree felling, this is done by hand (chainsaw) and the roots dug up to stop the regrowth of the trees. The logs will then be burnt or sold to companies. Bracken removal, this can be done by spraying herbicide on the infected areas thus eradicating of the plant. This is typically done in the summer months due to the plant being at maximum growth. A timetable showing the priority and timescale of projects; Justification of project: The Justification of these methods is as follows; Introduced grazing, this helps promote and uneven ages (mosaic) of the heathland. This maximises the biodiversity of the area due to many species requiring different ages of bracken to survive. This is ideal for the Dartford warbler for its food supply of invertebrates which need the heather for their survival (Hampshire County Council, 2011). Coppicing, this promoted regrowth of the older gorse. Typically the Dartford warbler prefers younger gorse, this is because it is much denser and provide more camouflage and protection of the nest site from predators. Therefore the coppicing of older dead parts of the plant promotes these parts to grow back into thick Bracken which the Dartford warbler needs for nesting (Hampshire County Council, 2011). Tree felling, the felling of trees such as birch helps the regrowth of the open heathland which is advantageous to many species such as the Dartford warbler. The warbler needs these open spaces of heath to be able to catch the invertebrates and feed (Hampshire County Council, 2011). Bracken removal, this is crucial in the survival of any woodland. The dense mate cause by this plant will shade out any other plants. So in vast numbers this is very detrimental to the whole heathland ecosystem. With control and management this increases the biodiversity of the area allowing other plant life to thrive (Hampshire County Council, 2011). Works Cited Berkshire Heathland, 1998. Berkshire Heathland Biodiversity Action Plan, s.l.: s.n. Countryside Info, n.d. What Is Heathland?. [Online] Available at: http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/whatis.htm [Accessed 10 3 2014]. English Nature, 2002. Lowland Heathland A Cultural And Endangerd Landscape, Peterborough: English Nature. Fort, L., 2013. Get Reading. [Online] Available at: http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/wildlife-trust-set-run-west-4189279 [Accessed 10 3 2014]. IUCN, 2012. IUCN redlist (Dartford Warbler). [Online] Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22716984/0 [Accessed 10 3 2014]. Jeffery, O., 2004. Padworth Common Proposed Local Nature Reserve. s.l., s.n. Murison, G. et al., 2007. Habitat type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the dartford warbler Sylvia undata. Ibis, Volume 149, pp. 16-26. North Dervon Government, n.d. Oak Woodland. [Online] Available at: http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/oak_woodland.pdf [Accessed 10 3 2014]. RSPB, 2012. RSPB (Gorse). [Online] Available at: http://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/advice/gorse/index.aspx [Accessed 10 3 2014]. RSPB, 2014. RSPB (Dartford Warbler). [Online] Available at: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/d/dartfordwarbler/ [Accessed 10 3 2014]. The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d. Good Wilflife Ponds. [Online] Available at: http://www.sussexotters.org/pdf/Good wildlife ponds.pdf [Accessed 10 3 2014]. Wallington, A., 2013. Natural England. [Online] [Accessed 10 3 2014]. Westcombe, n.d. Management Of Environmental Features Specific Options, Prescriptions And Indicators Of Success, s.l.: s.n. Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction: Nigeria Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction: Nigeria Introduction Background to the Study This study attempt to examine the impact of the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria using with a case study of Ado-Odo Ota, local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria. The issue of poverty in Nigeria has remained a major threat to the nation’s social, political and economic development. Every nation whether it is developed or less developed country contains elements that are poor. Nigeria has a population of more than 160 million – the largest in Africa – and a fast-growing economy. Despite Nigeria’s plentiful agricultural resources and oil wealth, poverty is widespread in the country and has increased since the late 1990s. Some 70 per cent of Nigerians live on less than US$1.25 a day. Poverty has become a feature of the living conditions and life situation of the vast majority of Nigerians. According to Babatunde et al (2008), Poverty has been viewed to be a global phenomenon but the level of this dilemma in developing countries has gotten to an alarming proportion. Internationally, about 1.2 billion people are living in extreme poverty less than one dollar per day and therefore due to the high predominance of poverty, reducing it has been of grave concern to many countries in the past few decades. Though, there have been a lot of improvements in the developed world, such cannot be said of developing ones especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa where poverty is prevalent due to many factors such as corruption, mismanagement of resources, poor programme implementation, poor governance and political instability, poor economic management and lack of purposive leadership. According to Ukpong (1996), (cited in Obadan, 1996) explained that poverty has earned identification in the extent of its ravaging society and the affairs of humanity at the international, national and local levels. The need exists now for urgent actions towards its reduction and control. Therefore, poverty is a snare and it is dehumanizing. In other words, judging from what Ukpong explained poverty to be, it will be ideal if poverty can be eradicated. According to Anyanwu (1997), Poverty has become a major cause of concern to academic, analysts, governmental, non-governmental organizations and international agencies. Poverty is multidimensional; it includes various alienations and deprivations such as: lack of human capabilities, poor life expectancy, poor maternal health, illiteracy, poor nutritional levels, poor access to safe drinking water and perceptions of well-being However, the (World Bank Report, 1999), has described that issues in Poverty now include: physiological and social deprivations, vulnerability, inequality, violation of basic human rights. (Zupi, 2007), also added that the observable disadvantage in relation to the local community or the wider society or nation to which a deprived individual, family, household or group belongs is an issue in poverty. In an attempt to salvage the situation, in September 2000, 189 World leaders millennium summit and committed themselves and their countries to 8 goals known as The Millennium Development goals (MDG’s) aimed at meeting the needs of the World’s poorest people. The Millennium Development goals have been regarded as the universal remedy of issues of underdevelopment. These goals were created under the leadership of Ban Ki-Moon (the Secretary General of the United Nations) through the UN to tackle issues seen to be holding back developing nations. It was adopted by 189 countries and signed by 174 heads of state and government. (UNDP, 2005) Ban Ki-Moon (2009), laid more emphasis on this in his report entitled, â€Å"A road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration†. In the words of Ban Ki-Moon, The world leaders set far sighted goals to free a major portion of humanity from the shackles of extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease. They established targets for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women, environmental stability and a global partnership for development. In short, they adopted a blue print for a better world and pledged to spare no effort in fulfilling that vision (Ki-Moon, 2009). The MDG’s are listed plans by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) committee on how the underdeveloped or developing countries can enhance their level of development in different socio-economic areas. The MDG’s are: Goal 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2- Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 3- Achieve a Universal primary education Goal 4- Reduce child mortality Goal 5-Improve Maternal Health Goal 6-Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7-Ensure environmental stability Goal 8- Develop a global partnership The first goal of the United Nations Millennium development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger with Target 1 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 per day: and Target 2 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Sachs, 2005:72) Since, poverty as the number 1 goal of the MDG’s shows an alarm in both national and the global world. According to Yinka (2003), the UN Development Programme Human development report scored the Nigerian government low on its efforts to combat poverty and pursue meaningful growth in the human development index. The report states Nigeria is among fifty countries with the lowest human development index and the 54th among 94 other developing countries where human income poverty level remains the highest. Odeyale (2005) explained that in Nigeria, about 36% or 44.3 million of the total 160 million populations are found in the major cities. The rapid growth of the Nigerians cities is characterized by ever increasing population (due to rural urban migration) over stressed infrastructure (such as dilapidated roads, frequent power outage, poor water supply), sub-standard living condition (in ghettos, slum and over-crowded houses), high crime rate. Put differently, it can be described that the growth of population in Nigeria is always on the increase and the availability of defaulted infrastructures and low standard of living which in turn lead to low crime rate. To this end, this study becomes inevitable so as to access the impact of millennium development goals to poverty reduction in Nigeria. Statement of the Problem Different scholars have argued about the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 particularly in Nigeria. While some scholars have argued that it can be achieved before the set target date of 2015, some have argued against the possibility of its achievement. The Millennium Development Goals were goals structured and formulated by the United Nations in the year 2000 to help bridge the gap between the Global North and the Global South. These goals however, were supposed to be of a positive influence to the less developed countries especially in the area of eradicating poverty. However, it has been observed that some of the developing countries are still lagging behind especially in the area of poverty reduction; Nigeria has been observed to be a country of plenty yet is still beset with the problem of poverty. What therefore can be said of other underdeveloped countries in Africa? The United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon is of the view that the Millennium Development Goals embody basic human rights such as the right of each person to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and jointly with the comprehensive United Nation development agenda set the course for the world’s effort to alleviate poverty by 2015. According to Ban Ki-Moon (2009), the Millennium Development Goals would bring about a change and to a large extent, a real difference in the lives of people. With strong Leadership and accountability; this progress can be expanded in most of the world’s countries by the target date of 2015. However, some scholars are not in agreement to the view of Ki-Moon that the MDG’s would bring about a change in the lives of people. According to Deneulin and Shahani (2009) argued that the Millennium Development Goals lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (Excluding women empowerment). The Millennium Development Goals also lack an emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable. Thus, while the MDGs are a tool for tracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving these goals, they however do not capture all the elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration. The inability to reach a valid conclusion as to the actualization of the Millennium goals by 2015 has resulted to the Millennium development Goals remaining a problem. Therefore the essence of the Millennium Development Goals comes into play in the context of Nigeria in the sense over 53.6% million Nigerians which is nearly 45% of the total population go to bed hungry every night, around 70% of the total 160 million citizens live below the globally acceptable survival line of $1 Dollar which is equivalent to 160naira per day. Also, over 5million of our youths are not employed, therefore Nigeria according to the National Poverty Eradication Programme (2003) is quoted to be among the poorest country in the world. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, how far the Nigerian government have gone for the realization of these goals, and how the Nigerian Government and the society at large intend on making the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, a reality by 2015. Research Questions The research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the impact of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria? Can it be agreed upon that Extreme Poverty and Hunger in the Nigerian state would minimized by 2015? What can be done for Millennium Development Goals to influence the Poverty reduction in Nigeria? Objectives of the Study To examine the impact of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria. To evaluate if the extreme poverty and hunger rate in Nigeria can be minimized by 2015. To examine the role of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria. Research Hypotheses The Hypothesis to be used for this study would be drawn from the objective of this study. There are: H0: Millennium Development Goals has not impacted in poverty in Nigeria. H1: Millennium Development Goals has impacted in poverty in Nigeria H0: The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state cannot be minimized by 2015. H2:. The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state can be by 2015. H0: Millennium development goals has not influenced Poverty reduction in Nigeria H3: Millennium development goals has influenced Poverty reduction in Nigeria Significance of the Study Over the years, this study has been examined by various scholars. The study of the Millennium Development Goals has remained of great importance as it addresses issues on development which Nigeria needs at this very time. The issues of poverty and the bid to alleviate it has been a key issue which governments have attempted to deal with. This attempt has manifested in the various past poverty reduction programmes carried out by the government all aimed at improving the quality of the lives of the populace. The essence of this study is to expose the rate of poverty reduction since its inception of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000. This study will bring forward the various methods or means that the government has embarked on towards the achievement of Poverty reduction especially in Ado-odo ota local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria as a case study, and the impact of millennium development goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria in particular. The importance of this work is to view how poverty reduction can be achieved alongside United Nations Millennium development Goals in Nigeria and the impact of the government towards poverty reduction. And also study at the possibility of the attainment of this goal by 2015 with the use of relevant structures. This study will form a secondary data to other researchers who will research in this area. 1.7 Scope of the study This study examines Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction with particular reference to Ado-odo local government area in Nigeria will be used as a case study. The period covered for this study will be from 2000-2015. This time duration becomes necessary since Millennium Development Goals was formulated in 2000 and to elapse in 2015. It should be noted that 2015 is just some months away. This study also focuses on the possibility of attaining the Poverty Eradication goal by 2015. Research Methodology This segment would discuss the methods to be used in this study. Research methodology can be described as a path through which the objectives of the study can becomes actualized Source of Data The study would engage both primary and secondary sources of data. By primary data sources, required data and information will be collected directly through interviews with Academicians and Government officials in different fields of study in Ado-Odo, Ota Local Government Area, Ogun state. Questionnaires will also be administered to a wider range for information to be extracted from the general public. Secondary sources of data refers to the information gathered from already published or unpublished materials such as magazines, journal articles, newspapers, internet and online materials, lecture notes, conference materials, relevant books and other materials relevant to the subject matter. Secondary sources of data will be employed in this study. Population of the Study The population to be used for this study would include non-governmental bodies, political actors, academicians, and the society at large. The reason for this population range is not only because of their level of knowledge, but also for their importance as key players in the political system. Sample Size A total of 100 questionnaires would be administered during the course of this research. A sum of 5 persons will also be interviewed for vital information to the study. Instrument of data Collection The conduct of direct interviews and the use of questionnaires will be designed as research instrument to collect data on how the Millennium Development Goals have helped attainment of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. Both Quantitative and Qualitative research methods would be applied. Data Analysis Technique The analysis technique used in this study would be Correlation/Regression Analysis. This analysis would be engaged to study the relationship between the variables used in this research work. Outline Of The Study Chapter One introduces the topic and the MDG’s itself by providing a background to the study. It clarifies the concept of development and how important it is to the nation. It goes on to the statement of problem, the objectives of the study, questions the research seeks to answer, methodology of the study, research significance and hypotheses, and the scope and limitations of the study. Chapter Two covers the review of literatures relevant to this research and the theoretical framework that best explains the subject matter of this study. This includes the conceptualization of key terms, and the theoretical framework which provides a better grasp of the relationship between the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in Nigeria Chapter Three is an overview and assessment of the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in Nigeria. This chapter also examines the causes of Poverty in Nigeria. It moves on to examining the various poverty reduction programmes and policies, the challenges faced in the achievement of these programmes and the current problems of Poverty and hunger in Nigeria. It also outlined the roles of the Nigerian government and the Ogun state Government in attaining poverty reduction in Nigeria; it also would examine the various poverty reduction programmes carried out by the Ogun state Government from 1999 to 2015. Chapter Four is the presentation of data, analysis and interpretation. Data gotten from the field work through interviews and questionnaires will be analyzed using secondary data to support the data analysis. Chapter five summarizes the work, makes recommendations and concludes the study.

Love’s Bond – Robert Nozick

Love’s Bond – Robert Nozick In this writing assignment I will be giving a detailed interpretation on Robert Nozick’s writing, â€Å"Love’s Bond†. First I will give an explanation on Nozick’s account of the nature of love. Secondly, I will explain why Robert Nozick believes that in love there is no desire to trade up to another partner. Lastly, I will also explain why he says that it is incoherent to ask what the value of love is to an individual person. The nature of love according to Nozick is the desire to form a â€Å"we† with the person you feel romantic love for, the desire to become one with the loved one.When two individuals are mutually in romantic love with one another, they both desire to form a â€Å"we† with each other. Once two romantic partners form a â€Å"we† they subconsciously agree to make life decisions together because now they are one and what affects one affects the other equally. Any type of life e vent good or bad that affects one person affects the other person equally because once they form a â€Å"we† they are like one. Nozick explains that when two individuals form a â€Å"we† they share a new identity.According to Nozick this new formation completely takes over of the individuals and they become something new, something transformed in a way. This desire to form a â€Å"we† with another is something magnificent and great. He explains that, â€Å"the desire to share not only our life but our identity with another marks our fullest openness. To Nozick, forming a â€Å"we† is a really big deal. Forming a â€Å"we† is a complete transformation of what a person used to be when they were and individual. According to Nozick, when a person is in love, they do not have desires to trade up to a different partner.Nozick says, â€Å"In the view of a person who loves someone romantically, there couldn’t be anyone else who was better as a par tner. † This quote gives support to his idea that a person in love would not desire to trade up. The person in love does not believe in their heart that anyone could be better than the person they are in love with. According to Nozick the thought of trading up to a different partner would not even cross the mind of a person who is in love. Nozick goes on to explain that a person in love might sometimes want to make a few changes on their mate; however, this does not imply that the person in love wants a different mate.Nozick believes that a person in love loves very specific qualities in their mate. For this reason, even if a person in love wanted to make their loved one better this would not mean they want a different person. To the person in love â€Å"no other person could have precisely those traits; therefore, any imagined person will be the same mate (perhaps) somewhat changed, not somebody else. † Nozick believes that when a person is in love, they love the very specific ways that their partner radiates a specific traits, not the trait itself.They love the person, â€Å"for his or her own particular and non-duplicable way of embodying such general traits, a person in love could not make any coherent sense of his â€Å"trading up† to another. † According to Nozick a person who is even considering trading up is a person who is no longer in love. He does not feel that the thought of trading up is a thought that an individual in love could even think about. Nozick feels that it is incoherent to ask what the value of love is to an individual person because there is no individual when you form a â€Å"we†; there is this new identity.Like the example that was given in class regarding the sperm and egg, once the sperm and the egg have joint, you do not ask how the sperm is doing because it no longer exist. In the same way it does not make sense to ask the value of love to an individual because the individual no longer exists on ce the â€Å"we† is formed. According to Nozick when two individuals join and form a â€Å"we† this new identity completely takes over and creates a new shared identity. To Nozick, it would be completely irrational to even think of the person of an individual and to ask what the value of love is to them.It is something that is just not possible when a person has formed a â€Å"we† with another. In conclusion, I have given my complete interpretation on Robert Nozick’s writing, â€Å"Love’s Bond†. I have explained to the best of my knowledge the nature of love, the reason why in romantic love there is no desire of trading up, and lastly why it is incoherent to ask what the value of love is to an individual. Works Cited 1. Nozick, Robert. â€Å"Love's Bond. † Philosophical Perspectives on Sex & Love. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. 231-39. Print.

Pagkalulong Sa Bawal Na Gamot

Critical thinking is an important quality to cultivate and for many educators, it is the goal of education. Here are a few examples of critical thinking from my own life. First, one of the things I try to do for work is to make good financial investments. For this to take place, you need to analyze everything or think critically. You need to know what is going on in the world (economically speaking), see what things are going to be in demand in the future, and act before others do.So, I drew up a picture of the world and what I thought would happen and I invested based on my convictions. All of this was borne out of critical thinking. Second, when I think back to my university days, I had to decide on a major. There were so many choices and I decided to go with a major that I not only loved, but also a major that would make me more marketable in the long run. I realized that I could study practically all the things I loved in various departments. Based on this, I chose the department that was most marketable.Critical thinking entails careful analysis of all the variables (or as many as you can cover) in a situation, using data and logic to process the information and shape the decisions. Other factors may also enter into the mix†¦ As I considered the timing of my retirement from classroom teaching, I reviewed the financial considerations regarding investments, pension and Social Security payments, options for other means of obtaining income, and tried to predict anticipated current and future expenses.All of this took time and research, but was â€Å"easy† in terms of recording figures that could be examined objectively. Harder to quantify but still vital to the analysis were my reflections on how I was approaching the challenges inherent in classroom positions. I evaluated my energy level, commitment to spending the time and effort outside of the classroom, and my enthusiasm for continuing my personal education in the field. I also felt that emotio ns did play a role in the process and did allow my feelings about continuing to work with middle schoolers enter the process. Bless them, but they are enough to wear anyone out after so long! ) The final piece in my decision-making process was the awareness that my father's health was declining and that I needed to make myself much more available to assist with transportation, supervision of medical concerns, and general involvement in trying to maintain a quality of life for him that is as good as possible for as long as possible. Is critical thinking fast and easy? NO! Is it important in many real life situations? YES!

The rules of the secret trusts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2193 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 107633 Introduction The secret trusts include fully secret trusts and half secret trusts. They are mechanisms whereby estate can be disposed of without the details of the beneficiary becoming common knowledge. Rules for testamentary dispositions are strict and this is necessarily so since the testator is no longer able to provide evidence of intention. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The rules of the secret trusts" essay for you Create order Despite arising from a historic need, felt acutely, when expectations of society were such that individuals felt compelled to conform despite having aspects of their lives they wished to conceal and still provide financially for their mistresses and illegitimate children after death. So the secret trusts arose as a means of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“breaking the rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  surrounding the writing of wills but unfortunately they also break the rules for trust law. It is therefore not surprising that their legal justification is so much in doubt. The rules of the secret trusts Inspection of the will reveals nothing about the existence of a secret trust and no details about the beneficiaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity in the case of a half secret trust. In a secret trust the testator tells the legatee that he is a secret trustee and what he must do with the property; Ottaway v Norman [1971].[1] Alterations to the details of a fully secret trust can be made by the testator right up until the time he dies. Although there are similarities between the two types of secret trust there are also important differences. Communication of a secret trust may be in a sealed envelope; Re Keen [1937].[2] The secret or half secret trustee must accept the trust; this may be express or implied Wallgrave v Tebbs [1972][3] or by silence; Moss v Cooper (1861)[4] or conduct; Ottoway v Norman [1972].[5] An essential element is an obligation which must be legally binding; McCormack v Grogan.[6] There are some important differences between the two types of secret trust as outlined and justified by Wilde, 1995. The testator must have communicated a fully secret trust to the secret trustee before he, the testator, dies; Moss v Cooper (1861)[7] otherwise the trust fails and the secret trustee will hold the property for himself absolutely; Re Gardner [1920].[8] If the secret trustee dies before the testator a fully secret trust will fail; Re Maddock [1902][9] because according to th e will the secret trustee is only a beneficiary and a beneficiary must survive a testator. However if the trustee of a half secret trust dies before the testator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equity will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trusteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and another trustee will be appointed ; Re Smirthwaite (1861).[10] In the case of a half secret trust the trust must be communicated to the half secret trustee before the will is made; Blackwell v Blackwell [1929][11] Reference to instructions after the will is made invalidates the trust; Re Batemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Will Trusts [1970].[12] A half secret trustee may witness a will by which he clearly does not benefit therefore s.15 Wills Act 1837 is inapplicable; Creswell v Cresswell (1868).[13] The practical and legal problems The legal requirements in relation to wills confers protection against fraud in the situation where the testator is no longer able to protect his wishes. A will must comply with certain formalities and t his is interpreted strictly. S.9 Wills Act 1837 states that to be valid a will must be in writing and signed by the testator in the presence of two independent witnesses who must also sign the will. Formalities are also required for alterations; Re Edwards [1948].[14] However the secret trusts are having the effect of handing over property after death and failing to comply with these requirements despite the fact of the will the detail required by statute is just not there. S.25 Wills Act 1837 states that a beneficiary must outlive the testator yet the secret trust is created before the testator dies and the beneficiaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate may benefit; Re Gardner (No 2) [1923][15] but, defying s.25 Wills Act 1837 there is benefit to the estate upon the death of the testator. The anomaly here is that the testator could have changed his will right up until the time of his death. A fully secret trust contravenes s.53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925 since nothing need be in writing at the time of transfer during the effect of the will since at this point the legal and equitable interests are fused; Gold v Hill [1999].[16] A beneficiary under a will cannot witness that will; s.15 of the Wills Act 1837 yet the fully secret beneficiary (but not the fully secret trustee) can; Re Young [1951].[17] If it were to be accepted that the secret trusts operate outside the will then the law of trusts should apply to them. Yet they disregard trust law in many respects. For instance expectancy cannot usually be the subject matter of a trust yet this happens for the secret trusts; the secret beneficiary not acquiring the property until the death of the testator. The secret trustee commits fraud if he breaks his promise to the testator and instead keeps the property for himself. The fraud would actually be committed against the testator and also against the secret beneficiary. Lord Viscount Sumner stated in Blackwell v Blackwell [1929][18], à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… “the proposed donee [secret trustee] encourages him to bequeath the money in the faith that his intentions will be carried out.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  An extension of the fraud is where the secret beneficiary has mischievously encouraged the testator to set up the secret trust in the first place. This fraud either cannot occur or is exceedingly difficult in the case of a half secret trust since the fact of the trust and the identity of the half secret trustee are both readily available from inspection of the will. Whether it is a sufficient justification for the acknowledgment of both fully secret and half secret trusts The fully secret trust may well work because of the effects of the equity maxim à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equity will not allow a statute to be used as an instrument of fraud.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [19] If this doctrine was not in existence then if the secret trustee committed fraud by keeping the property he could argue that according to s.9 Wills Act 1837 the will, not complyi ng by not being in writing, negated the trust. It is up to the secret beneficiary to make the challenge; Re Snowden [1979].[20] The court will not allow the secret trustee to retain the property because the statute relating to formalities has not been adequately met. The Statute of Frauds 1677 was incorporated into the Law of Property Act 1925 and the Wills Act 1837. These statutes cannot be used by the unscrupulous to fraudulently retain trust property; McCormick v Grogan (1868)[21] LR 4 HL 82. The existence of the half secret trust depends in part upon the mechanism of avoidance of this fraud whereby the secret trustee has to complete the personal obligation that he owes the testator.[22] The court of conscience about which Lord Viscount Sumner spoke in Blackwell v Blackwell [1929][23] is equity; meaning that the fraudulent behaviour would be unconscionable and that in this context this doctrine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“seems to be a perfectly normal exercise of general equitable jurisd iction.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The unconscionability and the fraud theory are closely linked. Lord Viscount Sumnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view in Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] is very likely to amount to sufficient justification for the existence of the fully secret trust. However there are difficulties in applying this theory to the half secret trust. Whilst the unconscionablity is still relevant here the possibility and likelihood of fraud is very much less since the will displays the trust situation for all to see. Partly for this reason the fraud theory has been extended; the fraud being the general fraud on the testator and on the beneficiary; Hodge (1981). An alternative and more recent view is that the secret trusts are operating outside the will (this is also known as the dehors the will theory); Re Snowden [1979].[24] This approach was considered in Blackwell v Blackwell [1929].[25] By this mechanism the secret trusts should not fail because the details were not in writing. Secret tr usts are described as being inter vivos trusts. The point of communication and acceptance between testator and secret trustee marks the point of creation of the trust and this trust is only properly constituted when the testator dies. This approach has had some subsequent support for instance in Re Young [1951][26] a secret beneficiary by being able to witness the will illustrates that the arrangement was not confined to the written requirements of a will, specifically s.15 of the Wills Act 1837. In the half secret trust to which the fraud theory does not apply and the unconscionability doctrine becomes less applicable there is uncertainty about how such a trust can exist. The nature of the requirement for the communication of a half secret trust being required before the will is made[27] might be connected with the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incorporation by referenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of a document that already exists; Johnson v Ball (1851).[28] However if a future document is referred to for incorporation the trust will not comply with the Wills Act 1837 and will therefore fail. The dehors the will theory can be criticised because if a secret trust is not within the will and is therefore not within the constraints of the law of wills or propate then the secret trust must instead be subject to the rules of trust law; Challinor, 2005. There are however a number of important was in which the secret trusts are not compatible with trust law either. When property is not yet acquired but is the subject of the secret trust this is contrary to trust law. An expectancy cannot be the subject of a valid trust. The dehors the will theory is supported in Re Gardner (No 2) [1923][29] but not in Re Maddock [1902].[30] In the latter case a secret trust failed because the secret beneficiary died before the testator. This failure illustrates that the rules relating to a will were still having an effect on the secret trust. The dehors the will theory does not provide a c omprehensive explanation of the secret trusts; Kincaid, 2000. Regarding trust law if the secret trusts are operating outside the will there is still the perplexing issue of what types of trusts these are. The majority view as described by Moffat, 2005[31] is that both types of secret trust are express trusts. However Sheridan, 1951 classes fully secret trusts as constructive. If the secret trusts are express then they ought to comply with trust law regarding s53(1)(b) and s.53(1)(c) Law of property Act. A half-secret trust concerning land has to be evidenced in writing Re Baillie (1886).[32] Clearly the fully secret trusts do not comply with this requirement and therefore they are more likely to explained as implied trusts. There remains a lack of clear distinctions as to when these trusts are constituted and when they take effect; Ottoway v Norman [1972][33] and Re Gardner (No 2).[34] Conclusion The secret trusts remain a facility now used more by the indecisive when makin g a will rather than by those who require secrecy. The present arrangement whereby a fully secret testator need not detail the trust before the will is made may be some encouragement to the testator who is slow to make up his mind; Moffat, 2004).[35] This problem could be eliminated by using the rule in the half secret trust whereby the trust must be detailed before the will is made. The justification for the existence of these trusts has long presented difficulty. Classifying the different types of secret trust as one has contributed to the problem. Whilst there are a number of theories they all encounter inconsistencies with recognised principles of law. The functioning of these trusts does defy the strict rules of the Wills Act 1837 and whatever justification is accepted for this it still contravenes the basic concept that the details of a will must be evidenced in writing. Bibliography Books Hayton DJ 2004 Hayton Marshall Commentary and Cases on The Law of Trusts an d Equitable Remedies 11th edition London Thomson Sweet and Maxwell Moffat G 2004 Trusts Law Text and Materials 3rd edition Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Articles Challinor E Debunking the myth of secret trusts 2005 Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005 492 Hodge, Secret Trusts: The Fraud Theory Revisited 1981 Conv 341 Sheridan 1951 67 LQR 314 Kincaid D The Tangled Web: The Relationship between a Secret Trust and the Will 2000 Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 420 Wilde D Secret and Semi-secret Trusts: Justifying Distinctions Between the Two 1995 Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 366 1 Footnotes [1] Ottaway v Norman [1971] 3 All ER 1325 [2] Re Keen [1937] Ch 236 [3] Wallgrave v Tebbs [1972] 2 K J 313. [4] Moss v Cooper (1861) 1 JH 352 [5] Wallgrave v Tebbs [1972] Ch 698 [6] McCormack v Grogan (1869) LR 4 HL 82 [7] Moss v Cooper (1861) 1 S H 352 [8] Wallgrave v Tebbs (1855) 2 K J 313 [9] Re Maddock [1902] 2 Ch 220 [10] Re Smirthwaite (1861) LR 11 EQ 251 [11] Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 [12] Re Batemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Will Trusts [1970] 1 WLR 1463 [13] Creswell v Cresswell (1868) LR 6 EQ 69 [14] Re Edwards [1948] Ch 440. [15] Re Gardner (No 2) [1923] 2 Ch 330 [16] Gold v Hill [1999] 1 FLR 54 [17] Re Young [1951] Ch 344 [18] Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] A.C. 318 [19] McCormick v Grogan (1869) LR 4 HL 82 [20] Re Snowden [1979] 2 WLR 654 [21] McCormick v Grogan (1868) LR 4 HL 82. [22] Lord Westbury in McCormick v Grogan (1869) LR 4 HL 82 [23] Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] A.C. 318 [24] Re Snowden [1979] 2 All ER 172 [25] Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 [26] Re Young [1951] Ch 344 [27] Blackwell v Blackwell [28] Johnson v Ball (1851) 5 De G Sm 85 [29] Re Gardner (No 2) [1923] 2 Ch 330 [30] Re Maddock [1902] 2 Ch 220 [31] p 119 [32] Re Baillie (1886) 2 TLR 660. [33] Ottoway v Norman [1972] Ch 698 [34] Re Gardner (No 2) [1923] 2 Ch 330 [35] p 124