The Role Of Achievement Motivation - 1732 Words

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 5.1 SUMMARY Over the years there has been hue and cry on industrial development in Nigeria. But the focus was mainly on the governments’ contribution and its activities like intervention policies and program to realize this goal. Furthermore, huge budgetary allocation designated, and plunged into the sector notwithstanding, only modest success, if any had been recorded. Consequent upon this, this research topic was thought out, to depart slightly and investigate into some of the impediments, and X-ray the human variables in realizing this objective. Hence, â€Å"The role of achievement motivation in industrial development in Nigeria†. Volumes of literatures were reviewed, and data was collected and analyzed. The research work was aimed at finding out the extent to which the need for achievement motivation, the intrinsic and autocentric self-directed enthusiasm from childhood could be instrumental to industrial growth and development. The approach therefore, takes departure from the extrinsic factors responsible for an individual motivation. Hence the research concentrates on the manufacturing sector. Questionnaires were administered to managers, supervisors, departmental heads-occupying highly sensitive position at the apex and junior staff. Through the investigation and analyses of the data, it was revealed that here is a significant relationship between lack of industrious labour force andShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Achievement Motivation On Industrial Development : A Study Of Port Harcourt Municipal Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesFULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RN TO MSN PROGRAMME OCTOBER 7TH 2016 THE ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF PORT HARCOURT MUNICIPAL) ABSTRACT This study focused on â€Å"The Role of Achievement Motivation in Industrial development: A study of Port Harcourt Municipal. The onus of the research was to X-ray the extent to which the role of achievement motivation from childhood could be instrumental to industrial development in Nigerian. In additionRead MoreChildren s Academic Achievement, And The Mediation Role Of Self Regulated Learning850 Words   |  4 Pageslinking children s academic achievement, and the mediation role of self-regulated learning. 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Mothers Day Celebrations Around the World

Although the idea of honoring mothers on a special day was known as far back as ancient Greece, today Mothers Day is celebrated in many countries, in many different ways, and on different dates. Where Did Mothers Day Originate? The credit for the American Mothers Day observance goes to three women. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910), who also wrote the lyrics for The Battle Hymn of the Republic, proposed a Mothers Day observance dedicated to peace in the years following the Civil War. Such annual observances were held in Boston in the late 1800s. In 1907 Anna Marie Jarvis (1864-1948), a Philadelphia teacher originally from Grafton, West Virginia, began her own efforts to establish a national Mothers Day. She also wished to honor her own mother, Anna Reeves Jarvis (1832-1905), who had first promoted the Mothers Work Days in 1858 as a way to improve the sanitary conditions in her town. She later worked to relieve suffering during and after the Civil War. With the support of churches, business people, and politicians, Mothers Day came to be observed on the second Sunday in May in most U.S. states within several years of Ann Jarvis campaign. The national Mothers Day holiday became official on May 8, 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution, but it was more of a patriotic day on which flags were flown in honor of mom. Ironically, Anna Jarvis, who later tried in vain to combat the increasing commercialization of the holiday, never became a mother herself. Mothers Day in Europe Englands Mothers Day observance goes back to the 13th century when Mothering Sunday was observed on the fourth Sunday of Lent (because it was originally for Mary, mother of Christ). Later, in the 17th century, servants were given a free day on Mothering Sunday to return home and visit their mothers, often bringing along a sweet treat known as the mothering cake that was to be kept until Easter. In the UK, Mothering Sunday is still observed during Lent, in March or early April. In Austria, Germany, and Switzerland Muttertag is observed on the second Sunday in May, just as in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and many other countries. During the First World War, Switzerland was one the first European countries to introduce Mothers Day (in 1917). Germanys first Muttertag observance took place in 1922, Austrias in 1926 (or 1924, depending on the source). Muttertag was first declared an official German holiday in 1933 (the second Sunday in May) and took on a special significance as part of the Nazi motherhood cult under the Hitler regime. There was even a medal—das Mutterkreuz—in bronze, silver, and gold (eight or more Kinder!), awarded to mothers who produced children for the Vaterland. (The medal had the popular nickname of Karnickelorden, the Order of the Rabbit.) After World War II the German holiday became a more unofficial one that took on the cards-and-flowers elements of the U.S. Mothers Day. In Germany, if Mothers Day happens to fall on Pfingstsonntag (Pentecost), the holiday is moved to the first Sunday in May. Mothers Day in Latin America International Mothers Day is observed on May 11. In Mexico and much of Latin America Mothers Day is on May 10. In France and Sweden Mothers Day falls on the last Sunday in May. Spring in Argentina comes in October, which may explain why their Mothers Day observance is on the second Sunday in October rather than May. In Spain and Portugal Mothers Day is Dec. 8 and is more of a religious holiday than most Mothers Day celebrations around the world, although the English Mothering Sunday actually began under Henry III in the 1200s as a celebration of the Mother Church. German poet and philosopher, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Von Vater hab ich die Statur, des Lebens ernstes FÃ ¼hren, von MÃ ¼tterchen die Frohnatur und Lust zu fabulieren.

Kant VS Mill Free Essays

Immanuel Kant was born in April 1724 to a craftsman named Johann George Kant and Anna Regina Porter (Bennagen, 2000). He was trained more in Latin and Religion subjects as compared with science and mathematics consequently forming his concepts and ideas with regards to moral philosophy technically referred to as ‘deontology’ which actually reiterates that an act should only be carried out based on the an individuals’ responsibilities (Bennagen, 2000). John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill was born in May 1906 to Harriet Barrow and a well known philosopher, James Mill (Bennagen, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Kant VS Mill or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being exposed to Greek when he was only three years old, Latin when he was eight, he was extremely brilliant, so intelligent that he acquired Greek Literature, Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Psychology and law before he turned eighteen years old (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, he is accountable for systematically putting together the utilitarian thoughts/concepts/ideas of his father and his father’s friend Jeremy Bentham (Bennagen, 2000). This is where Jeremy Bentham argues and reiterates that actions are correct only if they are inclined to bring into being the utmost happiness for the greatest number of people (Bennagen, 2000). This is simply because advocates of utilitarianism believe that happiness is the main criteria for doing something right or wrong, meaning if something is done and pleasure resulted from it then it is right, however, if pain was brought about from it then surely, it is wrong (Bennagen, 2000). Major Similarities in their Ethical System Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill’ ethical systems have similarities and these are the following: In act utilitarianism, laws are not taken into consideration as long as the act is said to have brought about happiness to most individuals then it is right (Bennagen, 2000). The same is true with deontology wherein duty is the basis for a right act which means that even if it means breaking the law just as long as the responsibility is fulfilled then the act is definitely right (Bennagen, 2000). Â  In addition, both cannot always be utilized as a guide to morals (Bennagen, 2000). There are several cases where a decision made based on utilitarianism or deontology fails (Bennagen, 2000). Major Differences in their Ethical System There are differences between the ethical systems of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill and some of these are the following: In terms of goal, Immanuel Kant’s deontological theory’s goal is to fulfill a certain duty, whereas, John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism’s goal is to achieve happiness (Bennagen, 2000). This is clearly evident in the definition of the deontological theory which says that individuals ought to stick to their responsibilities in evaluating a moral quandary (Bennagen, 2000). Same is true with the technical definition of utilitarianism where it states that, in an assessment of an ethical issue, the alternative that will result in the greatest happiness to the most number of people is the option that is ethically right (Bennagen, 2000). Also, rule utilitarianism considers the law and fairness in finally making an act which is said to be right (Bennagen, 2000). Here, an individual who is about to make an act seriously thinks about making the most number of individuals experience pleasure through fair and just means (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, it gives importance to justice, as well as, beneficence (Bennagen, 2000). By justice here, we mean, that everyone involved in the situation are treated fairly, on the other hand, by beneficence, we mean, doing what is good, in opposition to what is evil (Bennagen, 2000). The aforementioned defies deontology in such a way that it does not involve justice and beneficence in it, rather it only focuses on fulfilling the ‘duty’, whether or not it is fair or just to everybody involved (Bennagen, 2000). Major Criticisms for Kant’s Theory There are also criticisms for Kant’s Theory and some of these are the following: First of all, since deontology is all about sticking to responsibilities, its rationale or logic is being questioned for it (Bennagen, 2000). For instance, how will individual duties would be defined (Bennagen, 2000)? If for example, if personally I consider my family as my first priority every time and it so happened that I am being called by my supervisor for an urgent or emergency meeting, would it be considered not doing my duty if I go to this emergency meeting that my supervisor has ordered (Bennagen, 2000). Another example is the fact that, citizens have to maintain a certain driving speed, however, an individual is running late for a qualifying exam in medicine, which is a make or break exam for him, would it be considered as not doing his duty if he went a little speedy just to make it to his exam, which is a personal duty for him in the first place. Very clearly, through the aforementioned examples, there are no limits or boundaries to this so called duty making it critical , even questionable, as an ethical theory (Bennagen, 2000). Secondly, obviously it is not extremely useful or helpful in making decisions since it is not applicable in all situations, as seen in the examples above (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least, it is also being criticized because of its self-centeredness simply because it does not really consider the well-being of others (Bennagen, 2000). Going back to the aforementioned examples, it shows that deontology tends to take a certain side wherein the other side not chosen is left unprotected in terms of its welfare (Bennagen, 2000). Major Criticisms for Mills’ Theory The criticisms for utilitarianism include the following: First of all, in making a decision using the utilitarianism, it does not always achieve its goal of the experience of the utmost number of people of the greatest pleasure (Bennagen, 2000). If the head of the family decide to unleash his dog in his yard at night to make sure that no one will jump over his fence and to make sure untoward incidences in his home are avoided which may consequently hurt his family, but unfortunately the dog got out of his yard and went over the neighbor’s yard and destroyed the flowers in the garden (Bennagen, 2000)? This means that instead of his family being happy being they were well guarded, other people were terribly disappointed, disturbed, and definitely did not experience happiness as should be the outcome of utilizing utilitarianism as a technique in making ethical decisions (Bennagen, 2000). Secondly, many people criticize utilitarianism for its inadequacy of common sense (Bennagen, 2000). For example, would you give up the one you really love just because your best friend loves him too and for the reason that your family does not like him for you (Bennagen, 2000)? Your best friend will turn out happy and so will your family which complies with the technical definition of utilitarianism involving utmost happiness experienced by the greatest number of individuals (Bennagen, 2000). The questions however are ‘what about you’, ‘where is the common sense in that’, and ‘is selflessness common sense’ (Bennagen, 2000)? Thirdly, happiness is undefined here in utilitarianism (Bennagen, 2000). For example, a customer service representative at a certain company has been reported to be sleeping on the job (Bennagen, 2000). Utilizing utilitarianism, the act has been carried out: 1) to correct the mistake of the customer service representative; 2) to serve better more consumers; and 3) to improve the company’s services and be appreciated by more clients (Bennagen, 2000). This may result in happiness for the consumers and the management; however typically, this will not bring in pleasure to the customer service representative being complained about (Bennagen, 2006). This only proves that an act may not always bring in happiness through the use of utilitarianism in carrying out an act (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least, utilitarianism is being questioned because it violates human rights (Bennagen, 2000). For example, if a Bill is submitted by a minority group leader to be passed as a Law, and will not qualify as a Law simply because majority did not vote for it, then this may jeopardize the rights and happiness of the so called minority groups (Bennagen, 2000). This then may also be justified as an act which is right since happiness is being experienced by the most number of individuals though several people are suffering as well (Bennagen, 2000). Reference Bennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU How to cite Kant VS Mill, Essay examples

International Business And Competitive Strategy of Coca-Cola assignmen

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business and Competitive Strategy for Coca-Cola. Answer: Introduction to Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Companys background can be traced back to the year 1986. World over, Coca-Cola leads in the production, marketing and distribution of non-alcoholic beverages and their associated raw materials such as syrups and concentrate. The coca cola company operates in more than 200 countries globally. The head office of the company is based in Atlanta, Georgia, and its subsidiaries are a source of employment to about 30,000 people globally. The Coca-Cola products are available in every country of the world, and the drinks are the most preferred world over (Vaid, 2015). Coca-Cola faces competition from other beverage companies such as Cadbury- Schweppes, and PepsiCo. However, Coca-Cola claims the biggest market share with 47% of the world market followed by PepsiCo at 21% and Cadbury Schweppes at 8%. Competitive Strategy Achieving competitive ability is the aim of many organizations. Mauri and Figueiredo (2012) defines competitive advantage as the service or a product for which the consumers trust better compared to similar offers from competitor organizations. Michaels Porters Five Forces model indicates that a competitive analysis is achieved through the analysis of various competitors in a given industry. Also the analysis of threats associated with emerging business in the industry and risks associated with the introduction of substitute products that are likely to attract the suppliers and customers. For any business to succeed, certain strategies are necessary to help the business encounter the five competitive forces. Organizations embrace the five basic competitive strategies including growth, innovation, alliance cost leadership and differentiation. Also, an information system is key amongst these five strategies (Magretta, 2012). The international markets play a vital role in organizations profitability. The link between the market forces to the companys strategies influences organizational performances in all regions covered. The main variables in the business include the target market, competition, market position, and the consumers (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). For an organization to succeed in its operations, both its tactics and strategy need to work in harmony with the aim of providing optimum returns at high efficiency. The strategies and tactics need to be designed based on a careful consideration of the environment. Businesses that do not follow these tactics are likely to die (Meyer, Mudambi, and Narula, 2011). About the Coca-Cola's performance, the company keeps growing and making profits because of its way of doing things i.e. by focusing on the desired effect and giving the intended result. Its success is also associated with its commitment to doing the right thing through their ability to work well without wasting resources and time. The success of the Coca-Cola business can be associated with some things. The company has a good network of independent business people who drive the agenda of the Coca-Cola business in their native countries. These business people run locally operated bottling and distribution activities. In this way, consumers enjoy many experiences depending on their individual preferences and locations. In response, the coco cola company is embracing some approaches that are both tactical and strategic, to help it expand and maintain its market share. The profitability and effectiveness of the Coca-Cola business are facilitated by their big share in the product market as well as their competitive position (Jurevicius, 2016). The profitability of an organization is based on the organizational market share. This increased profitability is dependent on the scale of economy and increased learning experience that leads to efficient and effective productions techniques. Also, the unwillingness and inab ility of the customers to take risk contribute to comfort factors hence preferring to stay with the market player. The quality policy for Coca-Cola targets to maintain the status of the organization as a fully sustainable beverage company, through their involvement in environmental care and stewardship. The commitment by the management to create value for both stakeholders and the society for part of the objectives of the organization. The organization has drafted several statements regarding its practices on quality that helps in sustainability, diversity, increased wellness and health, and improved environmental conservation. The company operates both globally and nationally in the area of soft drinks and non-alcoholic beverage. The company also targets to acquire new segment of the market by providing safe and healthy products hence increasing consumer confidence in regards to purchasing behavior. There are enough quality objectives in the Coca-Cola system; again it doesnt demean the management target of positioning the organization in the world map based on the quality of the product (Jurevic ius, 2016). The Coca-Cola Company has a tactical toolkit that provides a standardized approach to its marketing strategy. External factors, external factors have an effect on an organization positioning strategy. According to Porter's model, five competitive factors govern the rule of competition. Such rules exist in any industry operating either in the international or domestic market. These five forces include new competition in the market, the bargaining power of buyers, the rivalry between organizations in the same sector, the threats associated with substitutes and product replacement and the bargaining power of suppliers (Magretta, 2012). To succeed, the organization needs to consider not only the industry structure but also to position itself within the industry. The positioning is beneficial in that it determines the competitive advantage of an organization. Such benefits include; low cost and nary market (Nair, 2011). In Coca-Cola, the company practice cost leadership as well as differentiation strategies. The differentiation strategy is achieved product quality, recognition and high brand image. Besides, the company has invested a lot in the promotion and packaging tactics. These serve as a way of differentiation with other organizations. The Coca-Cola contoured bottle, for example, is an international symbol, revitalizing the bottled as decided in 1999 was considered Coca-Cola's bottle marketing strategy. The premium pricing policy as applied in many markets has also allowed the Coca-Cola Company to thrive. To become a low-cost producer, an organization. These include removing all extras from the product and reduce frills. The design of the product such as the use of alternative raw materials can help reduce cost. Operational and production processes employed by an organization can also help the firm reduce its cost of operations (Nash, 2010). Also, the use of manufacturing systems, distribution networks, product innovation and cheap labor can also help an organization reduce cost. Cost leadership quadrant as a positioning strategy by the Coca-Cola Company is achieved both through research promotion and development, learning and their experience both in operational and manufacturing processes. The efficient manufacturing systems and distribution networks have greatly contributed to low-cost production. The Coca-Cola Company has a huge geographic presence. Based on its geographic strategy, the organization has a clear, strategic evolution (Jurevicius, 2016). Adaptation involves a continual improvement in an organization which is achieved through a change of companies local and preferences. It is that is used by most organizations. The strategy of adaptation is essential for all products in the whole world (Collis, 2015). The plans involve creating changes not only in products but also in policies, expectations for success as well as in business positioning. Adaptation strategies can also focus on geographies, products, and vertical stages within the value chain as well as market segments as a strategy to reduce the effects of regional differences. Also, focus on reducing cost has been used in adaptation theory. Through design flexibility, manufacturing costs can be reduced thus leading to reduced variations in supplies. The introduction of the optimized production platform and modularity may help cut costs (Collis, 2015). Coca-Cola Corporation applies adaptation strategies to its global operations to penetrate new markets and grow revenues. Adapting to new markets requires the company to customize services to replicate local market environments. Adaptation activities include adjustments in policies, positioning, and externalization, among others to replicate requirements in foreign countries. One of the strategies includes franchising that enables local firms to provide products and services to new customers (Lee, 2010). The franchised companies earn Coca-Cola brand a local perception and promote easy penetration in new markets. Domestic firms are also involved in the distribution of the of Coca-Cola products. Local intermediaries have a deep understanding of the customers, geographies, and population dynamics. As a result, Coco-Cola benefits from services of local supply chain players. Adaptation strategies are appropriate for the company to avoid unfavorable outcomes that are likely when a foreign f irm has little understanding of new markets. Coca-Cola seeks to generate maximum value through benefits of economies of scale. Production activities are capital intensive, and strategic location of bottling plants is desirable. Coca-Cola has established local processing plants and franchises to centralize operations and realize economies of scale. Centralized activities such as purchasing and distribution enable the company to operate in large-scale and reduce costs (Gui 2010). For example, the regional operations minimize the number of workers and equipment that ultimately lower costs. Also, centralized functions facilitate the development of advanced logistic capabilities that attains improved control and efficiency. Aggregation methods enable Coca-Cola to earn competitive advantages over rivals such as Pepsi as well as local soft-drink manufacturers. Moreover, aggregation is helpful in controlling standards and safeguard proprietary properties (Schlegelmilch 2016). Production centers follow similar procedures that help maint ain high quality necessary for offsetting competition. Coca-Cola does not employ the arbitrage strategies significantly. This failure is associated with the nature of products that are supplied from America to safeguard propriety information from leaking to the public. Following this, the company does not seek for ingredients from regions where there is cheap labor or factors of production. Although there is little use of arbitrage ideas, the company can increase outcomes from the benefits of new policies (Mauri, and de Figueiredo 2012). For instance, some of the ingredients can be produced in regions with favorable economic conditions that can ultimately increase financial gains. Another suitable area of adopting arbitrage is in the administrative functions. The company is subject to varying regulations such as taxes from different countries. Arbitrage policies would enable Coca-Cola lower requirements such as taxation and regulations. Conclusion Summing up, there are a lot of opportunities in the international market for Coca-Cola Company. With its current marketing strategies, the organization is better placed to compete with its rivals and maintain its status as the leading producer and marketer of soft drink beverages. The organization has employed the use of many strategies such as communication advertising, market segmentation, product differentiation that has increased its competitive ability. Coca-Cola also embraces the five basic competitive strategies including growth, innovation, alliance cost leadership and differentiation. The information system is also a key factor amongst these five strategies References Casadesus-Masanell, R. and Ricart, J.E., 2010. Competitiveness: business model reconfiguration for innovation and internationalization. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 8:2, pp.123-149. Center, P. (2014, October 21). Press Releases. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from The Coca-Cola Company Announces Actions To Drive Stronger Growth: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/press-releases/the-coca-cola-company-announces-actions-to-drive-stronger-growth Collis, D.J., 2015. The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences. In Emerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises (pp. 29-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czinkot MR Ronkainen IA. (2013). International Marketing. Cengage Learning. Feloni, R. (2015, June 12). Business Insider. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from 7 briliant strategies Coca-Cola used to become one of the world's recognizable brands: www.businessinsider.com/strategies-coca-cola-used-to-become-a-famous-brand-2015-6 Gui, L., 2010. Reshaping the boundaries of the firm: Global value chains and lead firm strategies. Reshaping the boundaries of the firm in an era of global interdependence. Progress in international business research, 5, pp.29-55. Jurevicius, O. (2016, March 31). Strategic Management insight. Retrieved from Coca Cola SWOT analysis 2016: www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/coca-cola-swot-analysis.html Lee, J.-B. 2010. A Multiple Case Study on the Globally Integrated Enterprise. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 11:11, pp.4296-4309. Magretta, J. (2012). Understanding Michael Porter : the essential guide to competition and strategy. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. Mauri, A.J. and de Figueiredo, J.N., 2012. Strategic patterns of internationalization and performance variability: effects of US-based MNC cross-border dispersion, integration, and outsourcing. Journal of International Management, 18:1, pp.38-51. Meyer, K.E., Mudambi, R. and Narula, R., 2011. Multinational enterprises and local contexts: The opportunities and challenges of multiple embeddedness. Journal of management studies, 48:2, pp.235-252. Nair, M. (2011).Strategic business transformation: the 7 deadly sins to overcome. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Nash, E. L. (2010).Direct marketing: strategy, planning, execution. New York, McGraw Hill. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Global Marketing Strategy: An Executive Digest. Springer. Tallman, S., 2014. Business Models and the Multinational Firm. BODDEWYN, J. Multidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows (Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 16), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.115-138. Vaid, S. (2015, may 10). Coca Cola Case Study. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from International Business Strategy Coca-Cola.: https://www.slideshare.net/vaidsanjay/international-business-stratedgy-cocacola